I recently bought a vintage saxophone that had a few mouthpieces in the case. It is strange how often this happens on Ebay. Some sellers list every little item, including used reeds and empty cork grease tins. Others don't even mention that there are several mouthpieces, often worth about the same as the horn. No such luck with my last horn. Its mouthpiece was a damaged Selmer Goldentone. It had a substantial chip out of the tip rail.
I know what you're thinking. Selmer Goldentone! Those are plastic student pieces that sell for $20. That's not worth messing with. Well, let's just use this as a test case.
The first thing to notice in the picture is the amount of "meat" there is on that tip. It's over a millimeter thick, so there is plenty of material to work with. The tip opening on these pieces (this is a #3 and I doubt that Selmer even makes any other facing) is tight, only .066 of an inch (1.68mm).
Feeler gauges don't fit.
Feeler gauges do fit under the tip at .066. That's our tip opening.
There is the complex method of measuring tip openings for people who like to push buttons and change batteries. I've never found it to be all that much better, in fact the digital readout to ten-thousandth of an inch is as dubious as it is unnecessary.
Here's what I use. These depth gauges are available as "tire tread" gauges for under $4 (search "digital tread depth" on Ebay). You can find somebody who will gladly sell you the same thing as an "official mouthpiece gauge" for $50-100 because they claim that it is an "official mouthpiece gauge." As you will see in a moment, the tip opening is the least important measurement on a mouthpiece (almost of no importance), but it continues to get a lot of attention. It is actually about as important, from a performance perspective, as the color of a car.
First, you zero out the depth gauge. Here, I'm using my glass ruler on the glass topped workbench.
Then, you measure the tip opening as it overhangs the glass ruler. It reads .066", same as with using the feeler gauges. It isn't any faster or more accurate, but it looks more "professional." Notice that the measuring tip has been rounded off to give me a more accurate reading.
Just for fun, I measured the chipped area. .0685", so it's still a very small tip opening on a tenor even if we open it enough to remove the damage.
I went ahead and mapped out the original lay. I normally would skip this step, unless I was really curious on a pristine example on a nice-playing vintage piece and wanted the information for my files (and wanted to try the same lay on other pieces). I mapped this Goldentone just to show you what a $20 student piece lay looks like. Keep in mind, this piece plays even with the chip. A scratch on the side rail can stop a piece from playing, but a nick on the tip rail usually doesn't. Try this for yourself. Put your reed on so that it's barely just short of the tip rail. Most will still play, although stuffy. This Goldentone plays, but not well and with no personality.
I mapped it as shown in the Mapping a Mouthpiece blog and printed out this graph. The smooth brown line is kind of a generic 7* Link tenor curve. The other two lines are the left and right rails of the Goldentone.
You can see that the rails are not even as they leave the table (shown on the upper left side of the graph). When I measured with the .0015" feeler gauge, I got a Brand number of 49.1 for one side and 45 for the other. Both are long for this small of a tip opening. And the difference in facing length means that the reed will be canted towards one side. That's going to "add resistance," and probably not in a good way.
The further measurements for the curvature on the rails actually cross at the flat center, and then split apart again at the tip. That means that the rails actually tip one direction at the table and then the other way at the tip. Reeds really don't like to do that. I often wonder if this is the problem with those players who find only "one good reed" in a box of 10. Are they searching for an abnormal or warped reed that can flex to fit a goofy curve on their mouthpiece? The "one good reed" could actually be the worst one in the box.
Here is graph of another student mouthpiece (contrabass clarinet) that I measured. You can see why a cheap student mouthpiece tends to play like a cheap student mouthpiece.
Even with the asymmetrical curvature issues and the flat center, these are fairly typical student curves. Longer, flatter, and smaller tip openings than a "professional" or "custom" mouthpiece (hopefully). My goal is to make a professional custom mouthpiece out of a damaged Selmer Goldtone. I've got my work cut out for me.
The first thing I need to do is check whether the table is flat. It could be that a warped table is what is causing my extremely large Brand number differences where the curve leaves the table. I take a couple of swipes across 1500 grit sandpaper just to see where the paper scuffs up the original milling marks on the table. My bench has a plate-glass top and that is what I consider flat.
It would be possible for air to leak out of the top of the window and through the convex table. But that's actually okay for my project. In fact, that's good. Remember how uneven from side-to-side that my rails are? Now it's possible to bring them more in line with each other as I level the table using the sandpaper. I press slightly more towards the tip on the side with the longer Brand number. A big change in the "jump off point" from the table to the lay hardly affects the tip opening (which is already uneven, so no problem).
I had crumpled up this chart and threw it away before I decided to write this blog. That's why it is all wrinkled up.
The first column is the original curve. The rest of the columns are sort of in an arrangement that works for me but is difficult to explain, so I won't. But I start out with a left rail Brand number of 49.1 (i.e., the .0015" feeler gauge slips in to 24.5 mm from the tip), which is way too long of a lay for this tip opening. It is even too long for my intended final tip opening (unless you like long lays, which I do, but that's not covered in this blog). After flattening the table (second measurement column), I had the starting point even, but at a long Brand number of 48 (24 mm). Now that the take off point was even, I could proceed with continuing to flatten the table and shorten the lay.
Getting the table closer to flat. You can see that my emphasis has been towards the front of the table to get the take-off point even.
Finally flat.
Once I've got the table flat, I'm really ready to begin. As part of leveling the table, I moved the Brand numbers for the .0015 feeler (the "start" of the facing) down to about 45 (22.5mm), which is now workable for my intended tip opening. It also brought the first couple of measurements down so that, when re-graphing the rail lines, all of the measurements are now underneath my "generic 7*" curve. That means that I can carefully refinish that area to match the curve shown on the graph above.
This first part of measuring the full curve was mainly to show what I might do with a mouthpiece that was already very close to what I wanted. This piece isn't, so I'm going to depart a little from a normally careful tune-up process.
That's 100 grit sandpaper. I'm going to take a few swipes on it. I have too much material to remove to mess around by beginning with something like 320 grit. But check your initial lay numbers before you begin! I have to stay away from where the lay begins, as removing small amounts of material there has a huge effect. If I inadvertently remove too much material from the rails, I would have to go back and really remove a lot of material from the table to get back to something around 45 with the .0015 feeler. If you look at the graph, you can see that I basically need to stay away from the first third of the lay and mainly concentrate on the tip for now.
That's what the tip looks like after a couple of swipes on the 100 grit. You can still see just a dimple remaining of the chipped spot just left of middle. 100 grit was taking away more than .001" per swipe. Careful with that axe, Eugene (open in a separate window for some musical accompaniment appropriate for mouthpiece refacing, including applause at the end when you get things perfect).
Even with the chipped spot no longer showing on the tip rail, there is still plenty of material at the beak.
The above picture is just to show the difference between a plastic piece and a hard rubber piece. Hard rubber leaves a light brown powder shown at the top of the picture (from another piece that I was working on). Black plastic usually leaves a purple residue (shown at the bottom) and white plastic is just white. Hard rubber is nicer to work on, in my opinion. Other than that, there is no evidence that mouthpiece material affects how a piece plays or sounds. But maybe it's a situation like the Princess and the Pea. I can't hear or feel the difference, but a true mouthpiece princess can. And there are plenty of mouthpiece princesses. Material also matters if you are selling mouthpieces made from a certain material. That material is always the best.
Using a mechanic's ruler marked in .5 mm increments (i.e., Brand numbers). It can be flipped over to have the .5 mm markings on the other side. The mouthpiece is simply lined up evenly on the other side. Sometimes you can't see it, but it is there and the measurement is as accurate as with a glass ruler.
I've been measuring as I go along. I just thought that you should know. I constantly refer to my computer generated graph of the "generic 7*" curve that I am working towards. I tend to work from the table towards the tip and try to keep at least two measurements in mind at a time.
For example, let's say I'm working to get the .0015 feeler gauge shown above to the 31mm mark (which would be a Brand number of 62!!! and only encountered when working on a contrabass clarinet mouthpiece). Before I remove any material at that point, I would also check with the next thicker gauge (.005) to make sure that it is okay to remove material further out on the curve. In other words, I don't want to pay so much attention to the spot where I am working such that I screw things up further down the curvature lay.
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| Through the looking glass. |
Here's one quick way to do that (this picture is through my lighted desk magnifying glass, which is really nice to have). One feeler gauge is the .016 and the other is the .024 sticking out the other side. That way, the next thicker feeler gauge is really handy and I can make sure that I don't over shoot the next marker. If you click on the picture, you can see that the feeler gauge will leave a small shiny spot right where you have measured. I know exactly where I just measured and may need to remove material or it might be just perfect and I need to leave that area alone.
Most often, if I'm working from table to tip, I don't want to touch anything to the right of the marking in the picture below, as I've already gotten that perfect (actually, I usually get close and then go back over the whole piece with really fine paper). But I still need a way to keep track of my progress.
I'll often do this. The pencil marks towards the tip (left) are where I have just measured and found that I need to remove more material. The second marks further back (to the right) are where I have just gotten the lay as it should be and that area doesn't need further material removed.
I mark the outside of the piece where I need to remove material.
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| The pencil mark shows me where I need to remove material. |
I can place the mouthpiece on the sandpaper and rock it a little so that I can see exactly where I need to remove the material. Good lighting and the ability to sight on level with the workbench is required.
The first markings (corresponding to the side mark) have been sanded off and the second marking (higher up) isn't completely removed. I re-measure, and if necessary, remark and do it again. It is also possible to place masking tape over the part of the piece that has been finished. That way, there is no chance of taking a swipe on the sandpaper that changes the finished part.
The same can be done with wide marking on both sides of the single line where material is to be removed. In the picture above, the tip is just what I want, but the spot with the single thin line needs to have material removed. Further back, I have also marked with the pencil because I don't want to remove material there. All I want to do is remove the single line and a tiny bit of material right at that point. I try to avoid this situation because I find that it's easier to constantly work towards the tip. You may have noticed that this picture is out of sequence as the interior baffle has been changed and has a rough finish. The tip rail is also thinner. More in a minute.
This Goldentone had a big problem with the rails being uneven from side-to-side. If I just place one rail on the sandpaper, I can work one side down, but that will actually put a "tipped" surface on that rail because one rail will be "up" on the paper and other rail is "down" on the glass surface. It is a tiny difference, but a blade-style feeler gauge will only measure the highest side of a rail (in this case, it would be on the outside of the rail) while the reed might actually sit towards the inside of the rail. Here is one way to reduce the problem of "canting" the mouthpiece rail when removing material from just one side rail.
Above, a piece of the same sandpaper (and therefore the same thickness) is flipped over next to the working sandpaper so that, even though mouthpiece material is only being removed from one rail (the closest one), the rail surface stays level side-to-side and in relationship to each other. See the burnishing paragraph below as a final check.
You can also remove more material from one rail by putting more pressure on that rail during the drawing process, or draw the piece in an arc so that the high-side rail travels a longer distance and is therefore reduced more. But when one rail measures perfect, it gets put on the upside down paper so that I can't possibly remove more material on that side while removing material from the other rail.
Here's the newly reworked curve compared to the computer generated Link 7* line. The lay could be improved, but remember, I could also make it worse. When I'm this close, it's time for a play test and forget about graph points.
Time to work on the innards. The first thing that needs to be done is to fix the really thick tip rail that was created by opening up the piece. I usually do that in several steps rather than all at once after the lay curvature is completed. In fact I always do the vast majority of the baffle work before finalizing the tip. Here's what the fat tip looks like with the increased tip opening almost finished. Yikes.
Notice that the inside arc of the tip rail is not perfectly symmetrical. This piece had no chamber work done by the manufacturer after molding (which is why the piece is inexpensive), and the molding process is never perfect. But the exact same thing happens on hand worked pieces. They can be made to look perfect at the tip rail, but they are not really perfectly symmetrical further in on the baffle, nor do they need to be. Why would a mouthpiece that is perfectly symmetrical play better? If it bothers you, you can "fix" it. But keep in mind the story of the Princess and the Mouthpiece.
I have a lot of material to remove, so I'm using a riffler file.
There was a strange sharp mold line inside at the bottom of the chamber (under the end of the window) that I decided to smooth out. I'm not anal about the baffle being perfectly symmetrical, but sharp mold lines must go!
This mouthpiece has a very deep baffle characteristic that I think is common with plastic pieces like Brilharts, but I've also seen it when examining old hard rubber Tone Edges. It's so far into the piece that I'm not even sure you can call it part of the baffle.
This is probably the best picture I can get of it. It's the darker spot right at the end of the chamber. The light reflection shows that after the initial rollover, the baffle is very flat, except for a dimple at the bottom of the reflection right before the shank bore. Anyway, I used my curved riffler to accentuate the dimple and eliminate the tiny mold line at the end of the chamber and start of the shank bore.
Here I'm doing a final on the start of the baffle using an Exacto knife. I know the blade looks cruddy, but I just sharpened it and I couldn't find my new ones for a picture. I can draw it across the baffle using it as a scraper and it smoothly removes material and polishes the baffle. This also works nicely on hard rubber pieces. The angle shown is actually too shallow and would likely produce squeaks, but you get the idea. Notice the "purple" look of the shavings compared to the black plastic.
That's getting close to final. Then I do a final step that isn't necessary. I have a tiny abrasive gun that I can use to shoot different media though and clean up all of the tiny scratches, file marks, etc. If you go back and look at the pictures where I was marking the rails with a pencil, you can see the effect of my coarsest media (actual sand). A milder media produces the effect shown below.
As a final step, I burnish the tip and rails on the smooth glass top of the bench. Take one nice smooth pull and look at the rails under magnification. If they are uneven side-to-side, it will show as one side of a rail polished smooth and the other side of the same rail still dull from the 1500 grit paper. If you have been careful, burnishing will not affect your Brand numbers. It simply perfects the curve. How's that? Well, here's my theory.
The final graph curve looks nice and smooth, because the computer graphing program averages the measured points to artificially produce a smoother curve, but it's not ever going to be a true representation of the lay. Think about it. The lay could be a series of 12 flat planes, with each feeler gauge measuring the center of the plane, and the computer program would artificially smooth the number series to make it look like a perfect arc.
As you smoothly draw the mouthpiece across the sandpaper using the professional refacer's super-secret magic wrist motion (not discussed here), you have greatly reduced the possibility of 12 flat planes. But it is possible that the actual curve is not as beautiful as the computer generated graph line implies. I could A) use every feeler gauge in the set and graph all of those hundreds of numbers, or B) use the flat surface of my bench to burnish out any microscopic imperfections. I choose B. I pull the rails back and forth over the smooth glass until the rails and tip are shiny, thus smoothing out any imperfections.
So there you have it. A "free" hot rodded Goldentone with a .111 tip, ported and polished. How does it play? Better than your expensive mouthpiece. No way, you say! Don't worry, mine still has one huge unforgivable flaw on the outside. It says Selmer Goldentone on it.
I think I can fix that. In fact, I did in a later blog.
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